application_name | The current application name for statistics collection. | Empty string, or cockroach for sessions from the built-in SQL client. | Yes | Yes |
autocommit_before_ddl | When the autocommit_before_ddl session setting is set to on, any schema change statement that is sent during an explicit transaction will cause the transaction to commit before executing the schema change. | off | Yes | Yes |
bytea_output | The mode for conversions from STRING to BYTES. | hex | Yes | Yes |
client_min_messages | The severity level of notices displayed in the SQL shell. Accepted values include debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, log, notice, warning, and error. | notice | Yes | Yes |
copy_from_atomic_enabled | If set to on, COPY FROM statements are committed atomically, matching PostgreSQL behavior. If set to off, COPY FROM statements are segmented into batches of 100 rows unless issued within an explicit transaction, matching the CockroachDB behavior in versions prior to v22.2. | on | Yes | Yes |
copy_transaction_quality_of_service | The default quality of service for COPY statements in the current session. The supported options are regular, critical, and background. See Set quality of service level. | background | Yes | Yes |
cost_scans_with_default_col_size | Whether to prevent the optimizer from considering column size when costing plans. | false | Yes | Yes |
crdb_version | The version of CockroachDB. | CockroachDB OSS version | No | Yes |
database | The current database. | Database in connection string, or empty if not specified. | Yes | Yes |
datestyle | The input string format for DATE and TIMESTAMP values. Accepted values include ISO,MDY, ISO,DMY, and ISO,YMD. | The value set by the sql.defaults.datestylecluster setting (ISO,MDY, by default). | Yes | Yes |
default_int_size | The size, in bytes, of an INT type. | 8 | Yes | Yes |
default_text_search_config | The dictionary used to normalize tokens and eliminate stop words when calling a full-text search function without a configuration parameter. See Full-Text Search. | english | Yes | Yes |
default_transaction_isolation | The isolation level at which transactions in the session execute (SERIALIZABLE or READ COMMITTED). See Isolation levels. | SERIALIZABLE | Yes | Yes |
default_transaction_priority | The default transaction priority for the current session. The supported options are low, normal, and high. | normal | Yes | Yes |
default_transaction_quality_of_service | The default transaction quality of service for the current session. The supported options are regular, critical, and background. See Set quality of service level. | regular | Yes | Yes |
default_transaction_read_only | The default transaction access mode for the current session. If set to on, only read operations are allowed in transactions in the current session; if set to off, both read and write operations are allowed. See SET TRANSACTION for more details. | off | Yes | Yes |
default_transaction_use_follower_reads | If set to on, all read-only transactions use AS OF SYSTEM TIME follower_read_timestamp() to allow the transaction to use follower reads. If set to off, read-only transactions will only use follower reads if an AS OF SYSTEM TIME clause is specified in the statement, with an interval of at least 4.8 seconds. | off | Yes | Yes |
disable_changefeed_replication | When true, changefeeds will not emit messages for any changes (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE) issued to watched tables during that session. | false | Yes | Yes |
disallow_full_table_scans | If set to on, queries on “large” tables with a row count greater than large_full_scan_rows will not use full table or index scans. If no other query plan is possible, queries will return an error message. This setting does not apply to internal queries, which may plan full table or index scans without checking the session variable. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_auto_rehoming | When enabled, the home regions of rows in REGIONAL BY ROW tables are automatically set to the region of the gateway node from which any UPDATE or UPSERT statements that operate on those rows originate. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_create_stats_using_extremes | If on, allows manual creation of partial statistics using the CREATE STATISTICS ... USING EXTREMES syntax. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_durable_locking_for_serializable | Indicates whether CockroachDB replicates FOR UPDATE and FOR SHARE locks via Raft, allowing locks to be preserved when leases are transferred. Note that replicating FOR UPDATE and FOR SHARE locks will add latency to those statements. This setting only affects SERIALIZABLE transactions and matches the default READ COMMITTED behavior when enabled. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_experimental_alter_column_type_general | If on, it is possible to alter column data types. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_implicit_fk_locking_for_serializable | Indicates whether CockroachDB uses shared locks to perform foreign key checks. To take effect, the enable_shared_locking_for_serializable setting must also be enabled. This setting only affects SERIALIZABLE transactions and matches the default READ COMMITTED behavior when enabled. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_implicit_select_for_update | Indicates whether UPDATE and UPSERT statements acquire locks using the FOR UPDATE locking mode during their initial row scan, which improves performance for contended workloads. For more information about how FOR UPDATE locking works, see the documentation for SELECT FOR UPDATE. | on | Yes | Yes |
enable_implicit_transaction_for_batch_statements | Indicates whether multiple statements in a single query (a “batch statement”) will all run in the same implicit transaction, which matches the PostgreSQL wire protocol. | on | Yes | Yes |
enable_insert_fast_path | Indicates whether CockroachDB will use a specialized execution operator for inserting into a table. We recommend leaving this setting on. | on | Yes | Yes |
enable_shared_locking_for_serializable | Indicates whether shared locks are enabled for SERIALIZABLE transactions. When off, SELECT statements using FOR SHARE are still permitted under SERIALIZABLE isolation, but silently do not lock. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_super_regions | When enabled, you can define a super region: a set of database regions on a multi-region cluster such that your schema objects will have all of their replicas stored only in regions that are members of the super region. | off | Yes | Yes |
enable_zigzag_join | Indicates whether the cost-based optimizer will plan certain queries using a zigzag merge join algorithm, which searches for the desired intersection by jumping back and forth between the indexes based on the fact that after constraining indexes, they share an ordering. | on | Yes | Yes |
enforce_home_region | If set to on, queries return an error and in some cases a suggested resolution if they cannot run entirely in their home region. This can occur if a query has no home region (for example, if it reads from different home regions in a regional by row table) or a query’s home region differs from the gateway region. Note that only tables with ZONEsurvivability can be scanned without error when this is enabled. For more information about home regions, see Table localities. This feature is in preview. It is subject to change. | off | Yes | Yes |
enforce_home_region_follower_reads_enabled | If on while the enforce_home_region setting is on, allows enforce_home_region to perform AS OF SYSTEM TIMEfollower reads to detect and report a query’s home region, if any. This feature is in preview. It is subject to change. | off | Yes | Yes |
expect_and_ignore_not_visible_columns_in_copy | If on, COPY FROM with no column specifiers will assume that hidden columns are in the copy data, but will ignore them when applying COPY FROM. | off | Yes | Yes |
extra_float_digits | The number of digits displayed for floating-point values. Only values between -15 and 3 are supported. | 0 | Yes | Yes |
force_savepoint_restart | When set to true, allows the SAVEPOINT statement to accept any name for a savepoint. | off | Yes | Yes |
foreign_key_cascades_limit | Limits the number of cascading operations that run as part of a single query. | 10000 | Yes | Yes |
idle_in_session_timeout | Automatically terminates sessions that idle past the specified threshold. When set to 0, the session will not timeout. | The value set by the sql.defaults.idle_in_session_timeoutcluster setting (0s, by default). | Yes | Yes |
idle_in_transaction_session_timeout | Automatically terminates sessions that are idle in a transaction past the specified threshold. When set to 0, the session will not timeout. | The value set by the sql.defaults.idle_in_transaction_session_timeoutcluster setting (0s, by default). | Yes | Yes |
index_recommendations_enabled | If true, display recommendations to create indexes required to eliminate full table scans. For more details, see Default statement plans. | true | Yes | Yes |
inject_retry_errors_enabled | If true, any statement executed inside of an explicit transaction (with the exception of SET statements) will return a transaction retry error. If the client retries the transaction using the special cockroach_restart SAVEPOINT name, after the 3rd retry error, the transaction will proceed as normal. Otherwise, the errors will continue until inject_retry_errors_enabled is set to false. For more details, see Test transaction retry logic. | false | Yes | Yes |
intervalstyle | The input string format for INTERVAL values. Accepted values include postgres, iso_8601, and sql_standard. | The value set by the sql.defaults.intervalstylecluster setting (postgres, by default). | Yes | Yes |
is_superuser | If on or true, the current user is a member of the admin role. | User-dependent | No | Yes |
large_full_scan_rows | Determines which tables are considered “large” such that disallow_full_table_scans rejects full table or index scans of “large” tables. The default value is 1000. To reject all full table or index scans, set to 0. | User-dependent | No | Yes |
legacy_varchar_typing | New in v24.1.9: If on, type checking and overload resolution for VARCHAR types ignore overloads that cause errors, allowing comparisons between VARCHAR and non-STRING-like placeholder values to execute successfully. If off, type checking of these comparisons is more strict and must be handled with explicit type casts. | on | Yes | Yes |
locality | The location of the node. For more information, see Locality. | Node-dependent | No | Yes |
lock_timeout | The amount of time a query can spend acquiring or waiting for a single row-level lock. In CockroachDB, unlike in PostgreSQL, non-locking reads wait for conflicting locks to be released. As a result, the lock_timeout configuration applies to writes, and to locking and non-locking reads in read-write and read-only transactions. If lock_timeout = 0, queries do not timeout due to lock acquisitions. | The value set by the sql.defaults.lock_timeoutcluster setting (0, by default) | Yes | Yes |
multiple_active_portals_enabled | Whether to enable the multiple active portals pgwire feature. | false | Yes | Yes |
node_id | The ID of the node currently connected to. This variable is particularly useful for verifying load balanced connections. | Node-dependent | No | Yes |
null_ordered_last | Set the default ordering of NULLs. The default order is NULLs first for ascending order and NULLs last for descending order. | false | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_merge_joins_enabled | If on, the optimizer will explore query plans with merge joins. | on | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_push_offset_into_index_join | If on, the optimizer will attempt to push offset expressions into index join expressions to produce more efficient query plans. | on | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_use_forecasts | If on, the optimizer uses forecasted statistics for query planning. | on | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_use_histograms | If on, the optimizer uses collected histograms for cardinality estimation. | on | No | Yes |
optimizer_use_improved_multi_column_selectivity_estimate | If on, the optimizer uses an improved selectivity estimate for multi-column predicates. | off | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_use_improved_zigzag_join_costing | If on, the cost of zigzag joins is updated so they will be never be chosen over scans unless they produce fewer rows. To take effect, the enable_zigzag_join setting must also be enabled. | on | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_use_lock_op_for_serializable | If on, the optimizer uses a Lock operator to construct query plans for SELECT statements using the FOR UPDATE and FOR SHARE clauses. This setting only affects SERIALIZABLE transactions. READ COMMITTED transactions are evaluated with the Lock operator regardless of the setting. | off | Yes | Yes |
optimizer_use_multicol_stats | If on, the optimizer uses collected multi-column statistics for cardinality estimation. | on | No | Yes |
optimizer_use_not_visible_indexes | If on, the optimizer uses not visible indexes for planning. | off | No | Yes |
optimizer_use_virtual_computed_column_stats | If on, the optimizer uses table statistics on virtual computed columns. | on | Yes | Yes |
pg_trgm.similarity_threshold | The threshold above which a % string comparison returns true. The value must be between 0 and 1. For more information, see Trigram Indexes. | 0.3 | Yes | Yes |
plan_cache_mode | The type of plan that is cached in the query plan cache: auto, force_generic_plan, or force_custom_plan. For more information, refer to Query plan type. | force_custom_plan | Yes | Yes |
plpgsql_use_strict_into | If on, PL/pgSQL SELECT ... INTO and RETURNING ... INTO statements behave as though the STRICT option is specified. This causes the SQL statement to error if it does not return exactly one row. | off | Yes | Yes |
prefer_lookup_joins_for_fks | If on, the optimizer prefers lookup joins to merge joins when performing foreign key checks. | off | Yes | Yes |
reorder_joins_limit | Maximum number of joins that the optimizer will attempt to reorder when searching for an optimal query execution plan. For more information, see Join reordering. | 8 | Yes | Yes |
require_explicit_primary_keys | If on, CockroachDB throws an error for all tables created without an explicit primary key defined. | off | Yes | Yes |
search_path | A list of schemas that will be searched to resolve unqualified table or function names. For more details, see SQL name resolution. | public | Yes | Yes |
serial_normalization | Specifies the default handling of SERIAL in table definitions. Valid options include 'rowid', 'virtual_sequence', sql_sequence, sql_sequence_cached, sql_sequence_cached_node, and unordered_rowid. If set to 'virtual_sequence', the SERIAL type auto-creates a sequence for better compatibility with Hibernate sequences. If set to sql_sequence_cached or sql_sequence_cached_node, you can use the sql.defaults.serial_sequences_cache_sizecluster setting to control the number of values to cache in a user’s session, with a default of 256. If set to unordered_rowid, the SERIAL type generates a globally unique 64-bit integer (a combination of the insert timestamp and the ID of the node executing the statement) that does not have unique ordering. | 'rowid' | Yes | Yes |
server_version | The version of PostgreSQL that CockroachDB emulates. | Version-dependent | No | Yes |
server_version_num | The version of PostgreSQL that CockroachDB emulates. | Version-dependent | Yes | Yes |
session_id | The ID of the current session. | Session-dependent | No | Yes |
session_user | The user connected for the current session. | User in connection string | No | Yes |
sql_safe_updates | If true, the following potentially unsafe SQL statements are disallowed: DROP DATABASE of a non-empty database and all dependent objects; DELETE and UPDATE without a WHERE clause, unless a LIMIT clause is included; SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... FOR SHARE without a WHERE or LIMIT clause; ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN; and converting an existing table to REGIONAL BY ROW using ALTER TABLE ... LOCALITY, unless a region column has already been added to the table. For more details, refer to Allow potentially unsafe SQL statements. | true for interactive sessions from the built-in SQL client, false for sessions from other clients | Yes | Yes |
statement_timeout | The amount of time a statement can run before being stopped. This value can be an int (e.g., 10) and will be interpreted as milliseconds. It can also be an interval or string argument, where the string can be parsed as a valid interval (e.g., '4s'). A value of 0 turns it off. | The value set by the sql.defaults.statement_timeoutcluster setting (0s, by default). | Yes | Yes |
stub_catalog_tables | If off, querying an unimplemented, empty pg_catalog table will result in an error, as is the case in v20.2 and earlier. If on, querying an unimplemented, empty pg_catalog table simply returns no rows. | on | Yes | Yes |
timezone | The default time zone for the current session. | UTC | Yes | Yes |
tracing | The trace recording state. | off | Yes | Yes |
transaction_isolation | The isolation level at which the transaction executes (SERIALIZABLE or READ COMMITTED). See Isolation levels. | SERIALIZABLE | Yes | Yes |
transaction_priority | The priority of the current transaction. See Transactions: Transaction priorities for more details. This session variable was called transaction priority (with a space) in CockroachDB 1.x. It has been renamed for compatibility with PostgreSQL. | NORMAL | Yes | Yes |
transaction_read_only | The access mode of the current transaction. See SET TRANSACTION for more details. | off | Yes | Yes |
transaction_rows_read_err | The limit for the number of rows read by a SQL transaction. If this value is exceeded the transaction will fail (or the event will be logged to SQL_INTERNAL_PERF for internal transactions). | 0 | Yes | Yes |
transaction_rows_read_log | The threshold for the number of rows read by a SQL transaction. If this value is exceeded, the event will be logged to SQL_PERF (or SQL_INTERNAL_PERF for internal transactions). | 0 | Yes | Yes |
transaction_rows_written_err | The limit for the number of rows written by a SQL transaction. If this value is exceeded the transaction will fail (or the event will be logged to SQL_INTERNAL_PERF for internal transactions). | 0 | Yes | Yes |
transaction_rows_written_log | The threshold for the number of rows written by a SQL transaction. If this value is exceeded, the event will be logged to SQL_PERF (or SQL_INTERNAL_PERF for internal transactions). | 0 | Yes | Yes |
transaction_status | The state of the current transaction. See Transactions for more details. | NoTxn | No | Yes |
transaction_timeout | Aborts an explicit transaction when it runs longer than the configured duration. Stored in milliseconds; can be expressed in milliseconds or as an INTERVAL. | 0 | Yes | Yes |
troubleshooting_mode_enabled | When enabled, avoid performing additional work on queries, such as collecting and emitting telemetry data. This session variable is particularly useful when the cluster is experiencing issues, unavailability, or failure. | off | Yes | Yes |
use_declarative_schema_changer | Whether to use the declarative schema changer for supported statements. | on | Yes | Yes |
vectorize | The vectorized execution engine mode. Options include on and off. For more details, see Configure vectorized execution for CockroachDB. | on | Yes | Yes |
virtual_cluster_name | The name of the virtual cluster that the SQL client is connected to. | Session-dependent | No | Yes |
